Journal of Radio Electronics. eISSN 1684-1719. 2026. №2
Full text in Russian (pdf)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30898/1684-1719.2026.2.15
Hardware and Software Systems
for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
A.V. Kryuchkov1, M.P. Garesimova1, A.A. Markova1, S.A. Sadovnikov1,
V.V. Filatov1, S.V. Yakovlev1, O.A. Romanovskii1, Yu.V. Kistenev2
1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the RAS,
634055, Russia, Tomsk, Academician Zuev square, 12National Research Tomsk State University,
634050, Russia, Tomsk, Lenin ave., 36
The paper was received February 3, 2026.
Abstract. This paper describes the development and technical implementation of a high-precision hardware and software system designed for remote real-time monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The proposed solution is based on an integrated hardware complex for greenhouse gas sensing using a combination of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) and Direct Absorption Spectroscopy (DAS) techniques. The underlying physical principle relies on the Beer-Lambert law, while the data processing unit utilizes the Voigt profile analysis to account for both Doppler and collision broadening of spectral lines, ensuring measurement accuracy under fluctuating atmospheric pressures and temperatures. The system architecture is built upon the Red Pitaya platform, leveraging the computational power of the Xilinx Zynq FPGA. To achieve high sensitivity, the FPGA logic incorporates Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) modules for precise laser frequency scanning along with high-speed digital averaging and coherent integration algorithms. These hardware-level features significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and optical path distortions. The developed complex enables the solution of the inverse spectroscopic problem in real time, providing a robust tool for environmental remote sensing and climate monitoring. By integrating on-chip digital signal processing with advanced spectroscopic modeling, this research offers a compact and scalable approach for mobile LIDAR systems capable of detecting anthropogenic emissions and global greenhouse gas dynamics with sub-second temporal resolution, meeting the stringent requirements of modern environmental instrumentation and radio-electronic engineering.
Key words: remote sensing, carbon dioxide, TDLAS, DAS, FPGA, Red Pitaya, absorption spectroscopy, environmental monitoring.
Financing: The research was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 075-15-2024-557 dated 25.04.2024).
Corresponding author: Kryuchkov Alexandr Vladimirovich, kaw@iao.ru
References
1. Bobrovnikov S.M., Matvienko G.G., Romanovskii O.A., et al. Lidarnyi spektroskopicheskii gazoanaliz atmosfery [Lidar spectroscopic gas analysis of the atmosphere]. Tomsk, IOA SO RAN Publ., 2014, 508 p. (in Russian).
2. Firsov K.M., Chesnokova T.Yu., Razmolov A.A. Impact of Water Vapor Continuum Absorption on CO2 Radiative Forcing in the Atmosphere in the Lower Volga Region. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, 2023, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 162–168. http://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856023030053.
3. Firsov K.M., Chesnokova T.Yu., Razmolov A.A. The Atmospheric Water Vapor Content Effect on Carbon Dioxide and Methane Radiative Forcing in the Troposphere and Stratosphere. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, 2024, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 689–697. http://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856024700921.
4. HITRAN 2024 molecular spectroscopic database. HITRAN Online. Available at: http://www.hitran.org (accessed 29.01.2026).
5. Lackner M. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) in the process industries–a review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 2007, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 65–147. http://doi.org/10.1515/REVCE.2007.23.2.65.
6. Ono S. et al. Measurement of a doubly substituted methane isotopologue, 13CH3D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 2014, vol. 86, no. 13, pp. 6487–6494. http://doi.org/10.1021/ac5010579.
7. Rieker G.B., Jeffries J.B., Hanson R.K. Calibration-free wavelength-modulation spectroscopy for measurements of gas temperature and concentration in harsh environments. Applied Optics, 2009, vol. 48, no. 29, pp. 5546–5560. http://doi.org/10.1364/AO.48.005546.
8. Measures R.M. Laser remote sensing: Fundamentals and applications. New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1984, 521 p.
9. Nikitenko A.A., Timofeev Yu.M., Virolainen Ya.A., et al. Comparison of Stratospheric CO2 Measurements by Ground- and Satellite-Based Methods. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, 2022, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. http://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856022040145.
10. Platt U., Stutz J. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 2008, 597 p. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68639-3.
11. Red Pitaya Hardware User Manual. Red Pitaya Documentation. Available at: http://redpitaya.readthedocs.io (accessed 22.01.2026).
For citation:
Kryuchkov A.V., Gerasimova M.P., Markova A.A., Sadovnikov S.A., Filatov V.V., Yakovlev S.V., Romanovskii O.A., Kistenev Yu.V. Hardware and software systems for remote sensing of atmospheric carbon dioxide. // Journal of Radio Electronics. – 2026. – №. 2. https://doi.org/10.30898/1684-1719.2026.2.15 (In Russian)