"ЖУРНАЛ РАДИОЭЛЕКТРОНИКИ"  "JOURNAL OF RADIOELECTRONICS" N 10, 1999

contents

discussion

ESTIMATION OF NOISE EQUIVALENT POWER AND DESIGN ANALYSIS OF AN ANDREEV REFLECTION HOT-ELECTRON MICROBOLOMETER FOR SUBMILLIMETER RADIOASTRONOMY

Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics RAS

received October 14, 1999

Full text in Winword format is here.

Results of theoretical estimations and measurements of characteristics of an Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy made by different researchers are reviewed and analysed. Peculiarities and characteristics of the microbolometers using two types of microthermometer for measurement of the electron temperature increment under influence of the radiation: the SIN-junction and the transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback - are compared. Advantages of the microbolometer with the second type of the microthermometer when the TES is used simultaneously as the absorber of radiation are shown. Methods of achievement of the best noise equivalent power of the microbolometer in such version as well as methods of the matching the microbolometer with the incident radiation flow using planar antennas and with the channel of output signal measurement using a SQUID-picoammeter are considered. 

1. Introduction.

One of the fundamental problems of the contemporary radioastronomy [1-3] is the problem of the investigation of a celestial sphere electromagnetic radiation in the frequency region 0.3 - 3.0 THz as a result of what they are expecting an abundant information which will bring us forward to the significant broadening of our ideas about the Universe and events taking place in it. To attack this problem besides highsensitive narrowband superheterodyne receivers [4] broadband receivers of direct detection type, most sensitive among which are receivers based on hot-electron microbolometers [5-8], are necessary. The choice of two types of receivers for frequency region 0.3 - 1.5 THz [3], superheterodyne and direct detection types, is led mainly to the reason that when they are observing weak but broadband radiation sources it may occure that the sensitivity of narrowband superheterodyne receivers could be not enough and at the same time the microbolometers owing to their very wide frequency band will detect this radiation. Besides as microbolometers do not need heterodyne pumping it is much easier to construct multi-element receiving structures on their basis for an observation spatially inhomogeneous distributed radiation sources though having not too high frequency resolution. For many tasks of the submillimeter radioastronomy the noise equivalent power (NEP) of microbolometers of order            10^-17 - 10^-18 W· Hz^-1/2 is necessary [1-3, 9] and for some tasks in future the NEP down to 10^-20 - 10^-21 W· Hz^-1/2 will be requiered [10]. 

Amongst mentioned above hot-electron microbolometers Andreev reflection [11] one is recognized as the most promising [7, 8] because of its comparatively simple design and lowest time constant.

The first concept of this microbolometer was proposed in [7]. In the first experiments on the realization of this concept [8] the microbolometer design was comparatively simple structure (the inset of Fig. 1) comprising a normal metal strip (Cu) with dimensions: 6-mm-long, 0.3-mm-wide, and 75-nm-thick - and lead electrodes of Al (the superconductor at temperatures < 1.2 K) deposited on the silicon substrate using the electron-beam lithography and triple-angle evaporation process. A submillimeter radiation has to be absorbed by electrons in the normal metal strip and heat them.

Fig. 1. I-V characteristics of the SIN-junction. The scheme of measurements is given at the inset: 1 - superconducting lead electrodes bringing bias current to the absorber, 2 - copper absorber, 3 - SIN-junction, 4 - superconducting electrode of SIN-junction. Solid thin curves correspond to temperatures 40 mK (right) and 300 mK (left) at zero bias current through the absorber. Dotted thick curves correspond to a base temperature of 40 mK with 20 fW (right) and 2 pW (left) power dissipated in the normal metal absorber. The power dissipated in the resistor R of the absorber is [8].

However on account of difficulties of the leading a radiation into the cryostat at sub-Kelvin temperatures the measurements with the radiation in the first experiments were not made and the heating of electrons was realized by means of the direct current biasing. Two circumstaces lead to the effective heating of electrons: (a) the superlow temperature (0.3 K) owing to what the interaction between electrons and metal film through electron-phonon collisions and therefore the energy transfer from electrons to the lattice is extremely low, and (b) the phenomenon of Andreev reflection of electrons at the normal metal - superconductor boundaries which takes place without the energy transfer of electrons to the superconducting electrodes [11]. At temperatures < 1 K the electrical resistance of the normal metal strip doesn’t depend on temperature. By this reason unlike to classic bolometers when an increment of voltage drop caused by the absorber resistance increase owing to the temperature increase due to the absorber heating is measured - in case of the described microbolometer the temperature increment of electrons in the normal metal strip is measured by means of a microthermometer which is a SIN (superconductor-insulator-normal metal) junction. This junction was made by the following way: before the deposition of the normal metal strip onto the silicon substrate the 50-nm-thick and 0.2-mm-wide strip of superconductor (Al) simultaneously with lead electrodes were deposited under the central part of the normal metal strip (to be deposited) and after that first one was oxidized [8]. Main results of measurements are presented at Figures 1-3. The dependences at Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are obtained from the I-V characteristics of the SIN-junction, similar to that which are presented at Fig. 1, at different temperatures and values of dissipated power of d.c. current in copper strip. The theoretical dependece of the power dissipated by electrons in the normal metal strip lattice through the electron-phonon interaction on electron temperature T_e and lattice temperature T_ph:

where S is characterisic material parameter and v is copper strip volume, is presented.

Fig. 2. Dissipated power for T_ph= 40 mK and S= 3.7 nW· K^-5m m^-3:
solid curve - theory, squares - measured values [8].

At the same plot experimental points corresponding to the dissipated d.c.power in metal strip calculated from I-V characteristics at different temperatures are shown as well. It follows from good agreement of the theoretical dependence and experimental points that a predominating mechanism of electron energy flow out is the electron-phonon interaction and other possible mechanisms do not give noticeable contribution to this process. In the same time this means that the Andreev reflection of electrons at the normal metal-superconductor boundaries takes place. A voltage responsivity calculated from the dependences at Fig. 3 is 10⁹ V/W at temperature 100 mK, what is in good agreement with preliminary estimations of authors of [8]. The niose voltage measured at the SIN-junction signal amplifier input is 3 nV· Hz^-1/2 what at said above voltage responsivity corresponds to the electrical (i.e. calculated from measurements on d.c.) noise equivalent power (NEP) of the microbolometer equals to NEP 3· 10^-18 W· Hz^-1/2.

Fig. 3. Voltage change across the 20 kW SIN-junction as a function of power dissipated in the absorber for a bias current of I_b = 0.1 nA:
1 - T = 100 mK and 2 - T = 300 mK [8].

The results similar to described above ones are obtained in [12-14]. The difference is that an absorber was fabricated not of copper but of 3-nm-thick chrom for a better adhesion with the substrate and 35-nm-thick silver with other dimensions of 6-mm-length and 0.25-mm-width.

Fig. 4. Dependence of voltage across the SIN-junction at three values of the bias current I_b through the absorber and temperature T = 30 mK for two samples of 6-m m-length (curves 1) and 12-m m-length (curves 2) [12-14].

Besides in these works measurements of the dependence of voltage over SIN-junction on current I_b through the absorber at two its lengths: 6 and 12 mm and different SIN-junction currents I - were made (Fig. 4). Practically thedependences at two different lengths coincide. This means that the increase of the power I²_b ×  R dissipated in the absorber due to higher resistance R has been exactly compensated by the increase of the heat conductance due to the larger volume v. This is one more confirmation that there is no substantial electron energy transport through normal metal-superconductor contacts, i.e. this is one more confirmation of the Andreev reflection at these contacts.

Initially the Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometers with the SIN-junction microthermometer were used as X-ray detectors [15, 16]. 

The application of a sensor based on superconducting transition (transition-edge sensor - TES) with strong electrothermal feedback as a microthermometer for the microbolometer of described type using for detection of X-rays, neutrino and other atomic particles was proposed in [17]. In such microthermometer a superconductor or a bilayer of superconductor and normal metal with proximity effect is in good thermal contact with an absorber of X-rays [18], neutrino or other atomic particles. A typical electrical circuit into which the transition-edge sensor as the microthermometer is connected is shown at Fig. 5. The substrate with TES is cooled down to a temperature lower than the temperature of the superconducting transition. The TES is connected in series with the input coil of SQUID-picoammeter and the constant d.c. bias voltage V from the shunt resistance 20 mW is applied across this series connection.

Fig. 5. Schematic of the electrical circuit used to bias the TES:
1 - TES, 2 - SQUID-amplifier input [19].

When the bias voltage is fixed at the beginning of the superconducting transition the equilibrium amount of electron energy and consequently electron temperature in the TES is automatically maintained due to an electrothermal feedback acting in the following way.

Fig. 6. Schematic of the hot-electron microbolometer for X-rays radiation measurements based on the TES with electrothermal feedback and the SQUID: 1 - Si₃N₄ membrane, 2 - silver absorber, 3 - SQUID, 4 - TES, 5 - aluminum contacts [18]. The Si₃N₄ membrane is used for the efficiency enhancement of the X-ray photon energy conversion into the electron thermal energy [15].

During the absorption of the X-ray (or some other) radiation by the absorber (Fig. 6) electrons in the absorber are heated and the heat spreads from these electrons to the electrons of the TES. The TES resistance R increases with the heating of the electrons and this leads to the decreasing of the dissipated Joule heat V²/R (the resistance of the SQUID input coil is zero because it is made of a superconductor). One may say that the decreasing of the power corresponding to Joule heat dissipated in the TES is compensated by a power coming in from the radiation. At this time the SQUID measures the decreasing of current DI what is the output signal of microbolometer. In the described process the replacement of the d.c. energy by the energy of absorbed radiation takes place in the electron system and consequently this does not lead to the change of energy flow from the electrons to the TES film lattice under the radiation influence. By this reason the effective time constant of this process is lower of the intrinsic time constant caused by the energy transfer from electrons to phonons in 1+a/5 times [17] where

 is the dimensionless measure of the sharpness of the superconducting transition. The parameter a1.200 was obtained in the cited work, i.e. /1:240, what corresponds to the strong feedback.

The bilayer of aluminum and silver was used as the TES in the work [18]: 30-nm-thick Ag layer was deposited first and 17-nm-thick Al layer - second. The sharp superconducting transition at temperature ~72 mK and < 1 mK width between 10 and 90% of normal resistance was obtained (Fig. 7). The I-V characteristic and the dependence of the power dissipated in TES on the bias voltage V are shown at Fig. 8. The portion of I-V curve with the negative differential resistance and the plateau at the dependence of the power dissipated in TES on the bias voltage due to the action of electrothermal feedback correspond to superconducting transition area. The described microbolometer was tested and has displaid a significantly higher sensitivity to the X-ray radiation [20] in comparison with the microbolometer based on SIN-junction microthermometer of the same authors [15, 16].

The X-ray detection microbolometer based on the TES as a part of device for measurement of the electron temperature increment of the microbolometer is described here briefly by the reason that the same principle and approximately the same scheme of a device can be used for the submillimeter radiation detection whathad been proposed in [20]. Moreover, in this work it was proposed to use the bilayer TES itself simultaneously as an absorber of radiation what increases significantly the efficiency of device. Lead electrodes bringing current to the absorber have to be made of a superconductor with significantly higher critical temperature i.e. larger energy gap in comparison with the same value of the absorber-TES structure to provide the functioning of Andreev reflection at the boundaries of the absorber and current lead electrodes [10].

Fig. 7. Characteristic of the superconducting transition of superconductor-normal metal bilayer with proximity effect: 17-nm-thick aluminum layer deposited onto 30-nm-thick argentum layer [18].

Fig. 8. I-V characteristic of the absorber combined with the TES with electrothermal feedback and corresponding dependence of power dissipated in absorber-TES on bias voltage; one may see a plateau at the power of 27 pW on the second dependence: 1 - SQUID current I, 2 - power P = I· V [18].

In the work [20] the estimations of the noise equivalent power of such microbolometer made on the basis of measurement results at the d.c. are given. The 70100 mm² width-to-length Ag/Al bilayer with total 50 nm thickness as the TES simultaneously functioning as the absorber having temperature and electrical characteristics close to that shown at Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 was used. Since the replacement of the part of the d.c. power by the absorbed radiation power takes place in the microbolometer of described type it is easy to obtain an expression for the current responsivity: P_rad= – D I· V and the current responsivity S_I=D I / P_rad= – 1/V [17]. The beginning of the superconducting transition in the cited work [20] takes place at V= 0.5 mV and consequently S_I= – 2· 10⁶ A/W. The measured root-mean-square noise current of the device was 6 pA· Hz^-1/2 what corresponds approximately to the measurement result obtained in [21] as well. One may obtain the NEP of microbolometer from current responsivity and root-mean-square noise current. The result is: NEP =/| S_I |3·10^-18 W· Hz^-1/2.  

The NEP of the radiation detector which utilizes a bulk (volume) detection mechanism, for example the heating of electrons or the intrinsic photoeffect (photoconductivity), and has a noise generating in the whole volume of the detector and depending on its resistance, for example the Johnson noise, is proportional to the square root of its volume v [22]

The microbolometer under consideration based on the TES combined with absorber utilizes the heating of electrons, i.e. the bulk effect, and its noise current spectral density is determined by two components [17]:

where the first component is the Johnson noise and the second component is the phonon noise, i.e. the noise caused by thermal fluctuations during the energy exchange between electrons and phonons. Not going into details we may indicate that both components have similar dependence on the microbolometer resistance R. This means that the expression (3) is valid at two said noise components as well. In [10] the same dependence of the NEP on v is presented taking into account just the phonon noise what corresponds to the said above.

Using results of measurements of the current sensitivity and the noise current as well as the estimation of the NEP of the microbolometer with the TES on the basis of the said measurements in [20] and expression (3) one may estimate the NEP of the microbolometer when its demensions are decreased. On account of the fixed thickness of the microbolometer (50 nm [20]) which is thicknesses sum of both layers of the bilayer determined experimentally under condition of the obtaining the best parameters of the superconducting transition one may modify (3) into

where l is the length and w is the width of the absorber-TES. Results of the conversion of the NEP to new dimensions using (3’) are given in the next table

 The first row (for dimensions 10070mm²) is the result of measurements and estimations made in [20].

The second row is result of the conversion to the dimensions of the microbolometer with SIN-junction as microthermometer in [8] (see above) which has the electrical noise equivalent power NEP 3 ×10^-18 W/Hz^-1/2. It is necessary to notice that said noise [8] was caused not by the microbolometer itself but by the SIN-junction output signal amplifier and the authors of [8] have estimated that after the reducing the noise of the amplifier by an order it will be caused by the intrinsic noise of the microbolometer what corresponds to an order better (lower) NEP. And even in this case at the same dimensions like in case of the microbolometer with SIN-junction the NEP of the microbolometer with TES will be an order better. This is caused by the fact that whole volume of the absorber-TES is working to generate the output signal of the microbolometer but not just a part of the absorber overlapping with SIN-junction as in case of the microbolometer with this junction. The experimental confirmation of the latter fact is the independence of the output signal of the microbolometer with SIN-junction on a power dissipated in the absorber at two its lengths (Fig. 4). In other words the significant portion of hot electrons in the absorber in case of the microbolometer with SIN-junction do not give contribution into output signal, i.e. the corresponding power is lost (unused) what decreases the effectiveness of the microbolometer. The power loss of hot electrons at 6 mm absorber length and 0.2mm SIN-junction width (see above) is 97 %. At the same time a full overlapping of the SIN-junction with the absorber appears problematic.

One may obtain similar results of the conversion of the NEP to new dimensions by means of (3’) using as a basis the microbolometer described in [23]. It is the combined absorber-TES made of tungsten (Tc ~95 mK of a thin W film [23]) with = 1.80.9 mm² and thikness equal to 40 nm connected into scheme similar to Fig. 5. Its NEP is 3.3· 10^-17 W· Hz^-1/2 and the conversion to the dimensions = 60.3 mm² gives NEP 3.5· 10^-20 W· Hz^-1/2 what is close to the value in the table.

The third row in the table corresponds to the dimensions accepted for estimations in the work [10]. In this work the thickness of microbolometer is accepted equal to 10 nm unlike to the case of 50 nm what corresponds to estimation results given in the table. Besides it was proposed in the said work to increase an electron energy relaxation time in the film-absorber up to ~ 10^-3 s due to the significant decreasing of its thickness or/and by irradiating it with high-energy ions. As the NEP depends on the electron energy relaxation time as ()^-1/2 [10] this value has to be lower in ~70 times in comparison with the value in the table on account of said two factors: the decrease of the film thickness in 5 times and the increase of approximately from 10^-6 to 10^-3 s, i.e. in 10³ times. This corresponds to NEP W· Hz^-1/2 and agrees with estimations in [10]. This impressive value requires a fabrication technology on the height of contemporary technological equipment and moves the Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer nearer to the absolute receiver which NEP is determined by the quantum fluctuations of incident radiation [22, 10].

It follows from the analysis made in the previous paragraphs that for the achieving the best NEP of the Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer one should strive for a minimum possible volume of its working part, i.e. an absorber, as well as for a method of the electron temperature increment measurement under the influence of the incident radiation giving a possibility to use the whole absorber volume what may be achived just by means of the combining the temperature increment meter with the absorber.

The second requirement can be satisfied when the superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) with the strong electrothermal feedback as the meter of temperature increment is used. In this case as this follows from the said above the absorber of normal metal has to be replaced with the absorber of a superconductor or realized in the form of the bilayer of superconductor and normal metal where the proximity effect is observed. In both cases the material(s) of the absorber-TES have to be chosen in such way to have the superconducting transition temperature somewhat higher than the working temperature of the microbolometer and the absorber-TES has to be connected into an electrical circuit providing its operation in the strong electrothermal feedback mode.

In accordance with the first requirement the dimensions of the absorber-TES have to be chosen much less than the wavelength of the incident radiation. To match so small absorber-TES with the incident radiation flow the optical, to be precise - the quasioptical focusing of the radiation onto the absorber-TES with said dimensions is unsuitable because of the radiation diffraction fenomenon on it. By this reason the absorber-TES has to be connected into the center of a planar antenna or into a waveguide. The combination of the quasioptical focusing first, for instance by means of a lens or a horn, and then the matching by means of the planar antenna or the waveguide is possible.

Before a further consideration of the problem of the microbolometer matching with the incident radiation flow and the output signal measurement channel it is necessary to make more detailed estimation of parameters of the microbolometer with the TES as the microthermometer for instace with dimensions = 60.3 mm² using the conversion method already applied above (see the table). We accept again as the basis of the conversion the microbolometer with the dimensions = 10070 mm². This microbolometer has the d.c. and low frequency resistance R0.2 W (approximately like as at Fig. 7). The bilayer which serves as the TES is working as a normal metal at frequencies of the incident radiation at where in given case D is the energy gap of the bilayer structure. Besides the absorber-TES thickness is significantly less than skin depth [7]. Owing to these circumstances the bilayer resistance R_w at the incident radiation frequency w corresponds to its normal resistance: R_w= R_n 1W. Further: V 0.5· 10^-6 V, I = V/R 2.5· 10^-6 A and the noise current 6· 10^-12 A· Hz^-1/2. We will carry out the conversion of these values to the microbolometer with = 60.3 mm² dimensions under condition of the constant bilayer thickness as well as the constant current density through it using the following formulae: R and , , (see (4)). The results of conversion are: R2.8 W, R_w14 W, I 1.1· 10^-8 A, V = R· I3· 10^-8 V, 1.6· 10^-12 A· Hz^-1/2. Further: S_I = -1/ V A/W, and NEP = /| S_I | 4.8· 10^-20 W· Hz^-1/2. The latter value coincides with corresponding value in the table what has to be. The values R, R_w , V and are primary parameters for the designing the microbolometer including questions of connection the absorber-TES into electrical scheme (Fig. 5) and of the matching it with the antenna and the absorber-TES output signal amplifier. Results of the carried out convertion what is related to the table as well are correct when l and w are much more than bilayer thickness. The case when w= 0.3 mm what is six times more than the bilayer thickness (0.05mm) is at the margin of said relation. The 0.2 mm width (the third row of the table) is only four times more than the bilayer thickness. Therefore the carried out conversion should be considered as estmation one. Precise dependences of absorber-TES characteristics on the geometry have to be derived from an experiment.

(a)                                                            (b)

(c)                                                           (d)

Fig. 9. Planar antennas for the matching receiving elements with the incident submillimeter radiation flow: (a) equiangular spiral antenna structure [24] for 250-800 GHz frequency band (schematic view is not in scale); (b) microphotograph of the central part of the structure at (a), two small squares are SIS-junctions which image impedance components are mutually compensated in ~400-500 GHz frequency band by means of microstrip line section, the rest portion of microstrip line is quarter-wavelength transformer matching ~10 W impedance real component of two SIS-junctions with ~114 W antenna output impedance; (c) microphotograph of planar log-periodic antenna [12-14] designed for the matching the microbolometer with SIN-junction of several tens W resistance with ~114 W antenna output impedance; (d) 110 GHz double-slot antenna for the matching GaAs mixer: 1, 3 - slots, 2 - GaAs mixer, 4 - microstrip line for intermediate frequency signal lead out with connected into it GaAs mixer and cut-off filters at signal and heterodyne frequencies, 5 - quartz substrate for the microstrip line, 6 - gold film deposited onto dielectric [25].

The experience of the submillimeter waveband receivers development on the basis of SIS-mixers (see for example [24]) shows that planar antennas are better than waveguides for the purposes of the matching receiving elements of small dimensions with the incident radiation flow because they may be deposited onto the substrate together with a receiving element, in our case with the microbolometer. Planar antennas can be spiral, log-periodic, double-slot (Fig. 9) [24, 12-14, 25] or of other types. They as it was said are fabricated by microfilm technology methods and the receiving elements are integrated into them. Of course it is necessary to take care of antenna to be made of material with minimum absorbtion of radiation. It is best of all to fabricate the antenna of a superconductor with the energy gap D more than of the incident radiation so as the antenna material to be superconducting at incident radiation frequencies. May be it will be necessary to coat most of the antenna surface with well conducting normal metal. In case when the antenna made of superconductor it may function as two electrodes as well bringing the bias current to the absorber-TES what will provide the Andreev reflection at the boundaries between the absorber-TES and the antenna. The efficiency of said above antennas is not less than 50% what means that not less than 50% of the incident radiation power is absorbed by the matched load in the antenna center. The matching problem of a microbolometer impedance of order of 10-15 W or less with the output impedance ~120 W of the antenna deposited onto dielectric substrate, for instance quartz or silicon, may be solved by means of the connection between the absorber-TES and the antenna output the microstrip transformer of l/4 length, where l is the wavelength of the incident radiation, fabricated using thin-film technology methods like it was made for instance in [24] for the case of SIS-mixer (Fig. 9,a and Fig. 9,b).

The SQUID-picoammeter with the subsequent amplifying stages is the best solution for the measurement of the output signal of the Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer because the noise current of the best SQUID-picoammeters is 0.5 pA· Hz^-1/2 [21] what is approximately three times less in comparison with the estimated above intrinsic noise current of the microbolometer at the ~5-10 W resistance. The scheme of connection of the microbolometer with the combined absorber-TES into the electrical circuit is the same as at Fig. 5 just with the replacement of the inscription “TES” for “absorber-TES”.

The important results of the first works on investigation of the normal metal hot-electron microbolometer with SIN-junction for the measurement of the electron temperature increment due to the radiation absorption are the experimental confirmation of the Andreev reflection of electrons at the boundaries of the normal metal absorber and the superconducting lead electrodes when hot electron energy does not flow out from the absorber to the electrodes as well as the estimation of the noise equivalent power of such microbolometer. As the consequence of review and comparison of the different research results on the Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer made in the present work the advantage of the superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback used as the microthermometer for such microbolometer in comparison with SIN-junction sensor for the same purpose is shown. The reason of this advantage is that whole volume of the absorber participates in the generation of the microbolometer output signal in case of the combined absorber-TES when only part of the absorber does this in case of SIN-junction sensor. On account of this fact the microbolometer with the TES combined with the absorber has at least one order better (lower) noise equivalent power (NEP) in comparison with the microbolometer with SIN-junction having the same absorber dimentions. In the first case the absorber-TES has to be made of a superconductor or as an bilayer of superconductor and normal metal with the proximity effect under condition that the superconducting transition temperature has to be somewhat higher than the microbolometer temperature as well as the bias d.c. current and radiation lead electrodes to the absorber-TES have to be fabricated of a superconductor with the energy gap much higher in comparison with this value of the absorber-TES. The main way to achive the best NEP of said microbolometer is the reducing of absorber-TES dimensions limited by technology possibilities and the application of the planar antenna for the matching with the incident radiation as well as the extralow-noise front-end SQUID-picoammeter with SQUID input coil connected in series with the absorber-TES for the microbolometer output signal amplification. At present time experiments for the realization of proposed solutions are preparing.

The author thanks Academician A.F. Andreev and Academician N.S. Kardashev for the stimulation of this work and J.M. Martinis, K.D. Irwin, P.L. Richards, B.S. Karasik and M.A. Tarasov for useful discussions and suggestions. This work is supported by the International Science and Technology Center (Project N 1239).

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discussion